نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

This article on the relationship between life quality and religious changes of students and analyzes influential factor. The society of the research includes all students in three public universities in Mazandaran province. The sample size is 445 students who were selected through stratified random sampling. Research findings show that the vast extent of the two concepts: quality of students’ lives and religiosity of students did not allow researchers to accept or reject a hypothesis، or to come to a consensus. Therefore، it is not possible to consider a simple and one way relationship between the stated variables. To come to a real and precise relationship، all indicators and dimensions of the subject should be taken into account. The coefficient of relation between the quality of students’ lives and religiosity of students is positive which approves the study hypothesis. However، this relationship could not be found in sub dimensions of the variables being studied. The relationship between physical quality of life on two extremes، very high and low، and students’ attitude to religiosity was negative.

Throughout last years, we have witnessed a growing trend in HIV affected patients in the country in general and in the city of Tehran in particular. HIV/AIDS disease creates various HIV-related socio-economic troubles for an infected patient in a manner seeming that these troubles are much more fatal that those coming up from the very illness of AIDS. For this reason, this study has focused on the socio-economic state of HIV affected patients in Iran using the case of patients in the infectious sector of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Techniques of qualitative methods such as indepth interview and focused-group discussion were used to collect the research data. The findings indicated that this disease highly affect the socio-economic state of the AIDS patient in different ways, particularly excluding him/ her from natural and civil rights mainly through the process of stigmatization and labeling.

While any murder is unique in its kind، different types of murders could include common features، thus indicating that murder could be patterned in several types. By adopting a qualitative methodology، and through in- depth، semi- structured interviews with 14 murderers which included 12 men and two women in Tehran، the present research tries to find out different types of murders and also tries to understand why murder has been committed. Research findings indicate that murder is not just a behavior or event، but that the nature of a murder is varied and constructed in social and cultural context. The results also show that homicide could occur in various social contexts such as criminal groups، within the sphere of family، street crime and also in convergence with other offenses. Murder is not randomly distributed but is often an interaction between two or more persons who have known each other and in interpersonal conflict، violence as a dynamic process can be exchanged among individuals in similar social status. Fear، resentment and hatred، despair، ambition and anger and showing off، are several reasons which could pull the trigger of violence. Most murders are caused by conflict between people over minor issues and hence they can be called confrontational killings. Another type of murders is revenge killings، which could reflect a rational decision، humiliation or despair.

The use of child labour is one of the characteristics of developing countries. In these countries children work in order to make a living for themselves and their families and، in some cases، working prevents them from following their education. In Iranian villages like most other developing countries، children are given labour according to their age and physical capabilities. Children، especially boys، are considered capital goods in rural working/ farming families. This capital is used not for the future but for the improvement of the current situation. Theodore Schultz، first human capital theoretician، believed that human investment has two dimensions: investment in health and investment in education. The present study’s main question is this: Is there a relationship between children’s labour in villages and their education? To conduct this experiment، survey was used. The sample included 70 people selected from children aged 10-14 from Keradeh، a village around Jahrom. The obtained results showed that families’ socio-cultural and economical characteristics and parents’ physical characteristics are important reason of child labour and quitted school and not educational development are important effectcs of child labour.

Most of the studies on relationship between work and fertility in Iran has focused on paid work of women and have largely ignored the unpaid domestic work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between gender inequality in domestic and childcare practices (for children under 7) among Iranian working couples and its possible consequences on their fertility decisions. Using Iranian time use survey data، the results indicated that increase in number of dependent children of the family significantly increases the working women''s work load on child care and domestic work، and husband''s meager participation in such chores indicate the existence of a significant gender gap in this regard. The Iranian working men compared with their working wives، do significantly much less work in the family. While in families with two dependent children، the working father، allocates only 8 hours and 49 minutes to paid and unpaid works، the working wife spends approximately 10 hours and 5 minutes doing such work in the family. In view of higher levels of domestic work and longer hours of child care duties، imposed upon them by more children and meager participation of men in such activities، expose Iranian working women to further role conflict، lost opportunity cost and further responsibilities in such magnitude that they might decide not to add any further children to their family. In sum feminization of unpaid work at home، for working mothers of Iran might lead to continued insistence of the families on low fertility and even further reduction of it in the future.

Old age consists of the surpassing the average life of human being، outcome of intergenerational relationships، and thus considering as a social problem. It is the end of human life cycles and the elders often have limited regenerative abilities. Therefore، the quality of life plays a significant role in the aging process. The main objective of this paper is to explore the effects of informal social supports networks on the quality of life of old people. The theoretical model of this paper draws on relevant social theories to aging process and quality of life. The results of the survey on 300 old people who are members of two social funds، by random sampling، in Tehran indicated the factors involving social support، such as instrumental support، are effective for the quality of life of old people as long as they integrate with social factors. However، the social relations including social networking and participation of elders in collective activities، independent from non-social support، are more valuable in their quality of life. In addition، in contract to social relations، instrumental support could not play important role in their quality of life. In other words، those who receive more instrumental support might not have necessarily high quality of life.

This article deals with the social construction of inability within the society. The main question is how and through which mechanism inability is produced، and/or reproduced within the society. This article argues that the most important social factor in relation to inability is discrimination applied in a complex، effective and deceptive way، through institutions and structures of the society، and by so doing brings about serious problems for the disabled and the society. This article applying the foundings of a research done within Tehran، considers to mechanism of production and/or reproduction of discrimination، and consequently the disability of visually impaired students within the education institution، concludes this Low-vision students being exposed to institutional discrimination which functions through exercising deprivations and inequality in opportunities، don''t achieve to expected educational success، and experience inability. Disability through a social process which is institutional-structural discrimination، in fact، metamorphoses into inability، thus inability within the society comes into existence.